Ubuntu ile command line shell den cpu dik ve sistem performanslarını kontrol etmek ?
How Do You Monitor Your System’s Health?
Every computer system benefits from proper administration and monitoring. Keeping an eye on how your system is running will help you discover issues and resolve them quickly.
There are plenty of command line utilities created for this purpose. This guide will introduce you to some of the most helpful applications to have in your toolbox.
Table of Contents
- How Do I Monitor Process Utilization?
- How Do I Find Out Which Program Is Using My Bandwidth?
- How Do I Find Out How Much Disk Space I Have Left?
- How Do I Find Out How Much of my Memory Is In Use?
- Conclusion
How Do I Monitor Process Utilization?
top
One of the most common tools for checking the resource utilization of processes is “top“.
Top provides a simple, real-time table of your processes, with the largest consumers on top:
top
top - 14:45:52 up 29 min, 1 user, load average: 0.10, 0.09, 0.06
Tasks: 56 total, 1 running, 55 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 1019600k total, 393756k used, 625844k free, 11136k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 316748k cached
PID %MEM VIRT SWAP RES CODE DATA SHR nFLT nDRT S PR NI %CPU COMMAND
832 1.3 32364 18m 12m 896 11m 1688 1 0 S 20 0 0.0 bash
820 0.4 89456 83m 4008 488 948 3040 12 0 S 20 0 0.0 sshd
812 0.3 49948 46m 2828 488 616 2216 0 0 S 20 0 0.0 sshd
1 0.2 24192 21m 2108 152 868 1300 23 0 S 20 0 0.0 init
400 0.1 243m 242m 1420 344 216m 1084 0 0 S 20 0 0.0 rsyslogd
The top portion has some system statistics, including load averages for the past minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. It also shows memory and swap usage, and the count of various process states.
The bottom portion has every process on the system, organized by the top users of resources. This list is updated in real-time.
htop
Although “top” is included in almost every distribution by default, an improved version, called “htop” is available for download from most repositories.
To install htop on Ubuntu, type the following:
sudo apt-get install htop
Running htop, we can see that it has a similar output, but is colorized, and is more interactive:
htop
CPU[| 0.7%] Tasks: 21, 3 thr; 1 running
Mem[||||||||||||| 64/995MB] Load average: 0.00 0.02 0.05
Swp[ 0/0MB] Uptime: 00:37:37
PID USER PRI NI VIRT RES SHR S CPU% MEM% TIME+ Command
2752 root 20 0 25660 1876 1364 R 0.0 0.2 0:00.06 htop
1 root 20 0 24192 2108 1300 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.55 /sbin/init
312 root 20 0 17224 640 444 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.04 upstart-udev-brid
314 root 20 0 21592 1360 760 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.04 /sbin/udevd --dae
394 messagebu 20 0 23808 688 436 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.01 dbus-daemon --sys
401 syslog 20 0 243M 1420 1084 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.07 rsyslogd -c5
402 syslog 20 0 243M 1420 1084 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 rsyslogd -c5
The top portion is much easier to read and the bottom portion is organized in a more clear fashion.
Here are some keys that will help you use htop more effectively:
- M: Sort processes by memory usage
- P: Sort processes by processor usage
- ?: Access help
- k: Kill current/tagged process
- F2: Setup htop. You can choose display options here.
- /: Search processes
There are plenty of more options you that you can access through help or setup. These should be your first stops in exploring htop’s functionality.
How Do I Find Out Which Program Is Using My Bandwidth?
nethogs
If your network connection seems saturated and you are unsure which application is the culprit, a program called “nethogs” is a good choice for finding out.
On Ubuntu, you can install nethogs with the following command:
sudo apt-get install nethogs
We can run it by simply typing:
nethogs
NetHogs version 0.8.0
PID USER PROGRAM DEV SENT RECEIVED
3379 root /usr/sbin/sshd eth0 0.485 0.182 KB/sec
820 root sshd: root@pts/0 eth0 0.427 0.052 KB/sec
? root unknown TCP 0.000 0.000 KB/sec
TOTAL 0.912 0.233 KB/sec
As you can see, above all, nethogs output is simple. It associates each application with its associated network traffic.
There are only a few commands that you can use to control net hogs:
- m: Change displays between “kb/s”, “kb”, “b”, and “mb”.
- r: Sort by traffic received.
- s: Sort by traffic sent.
- q: quit
Although this is a simple tool, nethogs is a great way to associate traffic with a specific applications.
IPTraf
IPTraf is another great way to monitor network traffic. It provides a number of different interactive monitoring interfaces.
On Ubuntu, you can install IPTraf with the following command:
sudo apt-get install iptraf
To run the program, simply call it from the command line with root privileges:
sudo iptraf
???????????????????????????????????
? IP traffic monitor ?
? General interface statistics ?
? Detailed interface statistics ?
? Statistical breakdowns... ?
? LAN station monitor ?
???????????????????????????????????
? Filters... ?
???????????????????????????????????
? Configure... ?
???????????????????????????????????
? Exit ?
???????????????????????????????????
With this menu, you can select which interface you would like to access.
For example, to get an overview of all network traffic, we can select the first menu and then “All interfaces”. It will give you a screen that looks like this:
IPTraf
? TCP Connections (Source Host:Port) ?????????? Packets ??? Bytes Flags Iface ?
??192.241.xxx.xxx:22 > 369 82420 -PA- eth0 ?
??72.43.xxx.xxx:49488 > 381 19860 --A- eth0 ?
? ?
? ?
Here, you can see what IP addresses you are communicating on all of your network interfaces.
If you would like to have those IP addresses resolved into domains, you can enable reverse DNS lookup by exiting the traffic screen, selecting “Configure” and then selecting “Reverse DNS lookups“.
You can also enable “TCP/UDP service names” to display using the names of the services instead of the port.
With both of these options enabled, the display may look like this:
TCP Connections (Source Host:Port) ?????????? Packets ??? Bytes Flags Iface ?
??192.241.xxx.xxx:ssh > 151 34924 -PA- eth0 ?
??rrcs-72-43-xxx-xxx.nyc.biz.rr.co:49488 > 155 8108 --A- eth0 ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? TCP: 1 entries ???????????????????????????????????????????????? Active ??
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? UDP (72 bytes) from 192.241.xxx.xxx:43463 to 8.8.8.8:domain on eth0 ?
? UDP (66 bytes) from 192.241.xxx.xxx:53140 to 8.8.8.8:domain on eth0 ?
? UDP (135 bytes) from 8.8.8.8:domain to 192.241.xxx.xxx:41429 on eth0 ?
? UDP (119 bytes) from 8.8.8.8:domain to 192.241.xxx.xxx:43463 on eth0 ?
? UDP (110 bytes) from google-public-dns-a.googl:domain to 192.241.xxx.xxx:531 ?
There are several other interfaces to investigate on your own.
netstat
The “netstat” command is a versatile tool for gathering network information. It is extremely flexible and powerful.
By default, netstat prints a list of open sockets:
netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 192.241.187.204:ssh ip223.hichina.com:50324 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 192.241.187.204:ssh rrcs-72-43-115-18:50615 ESTABLISHED
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 5 [ ] DGRAM 6559 /dev/log
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 9386
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 9385
. . .
If we add an “-a” option, it will list all ports, listening and non-listening:
netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 192.241.187.204:ssh rrcs-72-43-115-18:50615 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6195 @/com/ubuntu/upstart
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 7762 /var/run/acpid.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6503 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
. . .
If you’d like to filter to see only TCP or UDP connections, use the “-t” or “-u” flags respectively:
netstat -at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 192.241.187.204:ssh rrcs-72-43-115-18:50615 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
See statistics by passing the “-s” flag:
netstat -s
Ip:
13500 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
13500 incoming packets delivered
3078 requests sent out
16 dropped because of missing route
Icmp:
41 ICMP messages received
0 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
echo requests: 1
echo replies: 40
. . .
If you would like to continuously update the output, you can use the “-c” flag.
There are many other options that can change the output. Explore the man pages for more ideas.
How Do I Find Out How Much Disk Space I Have Left?
df
For a quick overview of how much disk space you have left on your drives, you can use the “df” program.
Without any options, its output looks like this:
df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda 31383196 1228936 28581396 5% /
udev 505152 4 505148 1% /dev
tmpfs 203920 204 203716 1% /run
none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock
none 509800 0 509800 0% /run/shm
This outputs disk usage in bytes, which may be a bit hard to read.
To fix this problem, we can specify to output in a human-readable format:
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda 30G 1.2G 28G 5% /
udev 494M 4.0K 494M 1% /dev
tmpfs 200M 204K 199M 1% /run
none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
none 498M 0 498M 0% /run/shm
If we want to see the total disk space available on all filesystems, we can pass the “–total” option. This will add a row at the bottom with summary information:
df -h --total
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda 30G 1.2G 28G 5% /
udev 494M 4.0K 494M 1% /dev
tmpfs 200M 204K 199M 1% /run
none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
none 498M 0 498M 0% /run/shm
total 32G 1.2G 29G 4%
du
While df is an easy way of geting an overview, “du” gives a better picture of what is taking up space on your system.
The command will analyze usage for the current directory and any subdirectories. The default output of du looks like this:
du
4 ./.cache
8 ./.ssh
28 .
Once again, we can specify human-readable output by passing it “-h”:
du -h
4.0K ./.cache
8.0K ./.ssh
28K .
To see file sizes as well as directories, type the following:
du -a
0 ./.cache/motd.legal-displayed
4 ./.cache
4 ./.ssh/authorized_keys
8 ./.ssh
4 ./.profile
4 ./.bashrc
4 ./.bash_history
28 .
For a total at the bottom, you can add the “-c” option:
du -c
4 ./.cache
8 ./.ssh
28 .
28 total
If you are only interested in the total and not the specifics, you can issue:
du -s
28 .
Improvements
These two tools have improved versions that can be installed on Ubuntu.
An improved version of df is “pydf“. It can be installed with this command:
sudo apt-get install pydf
The pydf command organizes everything in neat charts with colorized output. It shows disk usage graphically with usage bars:
pydf -a
dev/vda 30G 1200M 27G 3.9 [........] /
udev 493M 4096B 493M 0.0 [........] /dev
devpts 0 0 0 - [........] /dev/pts
proc 0 0 0 - [........] /proc
tmpfs 199M 204k 199M 0.1 [........] /run
none 5120k 0 5120k 0.0 [........] /run/lock
none 498M 0 498M 0.0 [........] /run/shm
. . .
An improvement on du is “ncdu“. This command can be installed by typing:
sudo apt-get install ncdu
This command uses an interactive ncurses display to graphically represent your disk usage:
ncdu
--- /root ----------------------------------------------------------------------
8.0KiB [##########] /.ssh
4.0KiB [##### ] /.cache
4.0KiB [##### ] .bashrc
4.0KiB [##### ] .profile
4.0KiB [##### ] .bash_history
You can step through the filesystem by using the up and down arrows and pressing “enter” on any directory entry.
How Do I Find Out How Much of my Memory Is In Use?
free
The easiest way of finding out the current memory usage on your system is using the “free” command.
When used without options, the output looks like this:
free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 507620 408172 99448 0 123672 248224
-/+ buffers/cache: 36276 471344
Swap: 0 0 0
To display in a more readable format, we can pass the “-m” option to display the output in megabytes:
free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 495 398 97 0 120 242
-/+ buffers/cache: 35 460
Swap: 0 0 0
The middle line, marked “-/+ buffers/cache”, will show the actual memory used by applications.
The “Mem” line includes the memory used for buffering and caching, which is freed up as soon as needed for other purposes.
vmstat
The “vmstat” command can output various information about your system, including memory, swap, disk io, and cpu information.
We will use the command to get another view into memory usage:
vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
1 0 0 99340 123712 248296 0 0 0 1 9 3 0 0 100 0
We can see this in megabytes by choosing our unit with the “-S” flag:
vmstat -S M
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
1 0 0 96 120 242 0 0 0 1 9 3 0 0 100 0
As you can see, this tool helps us break down the “-/+ buffers/cache” category of the “free” command.
We get to see how much of that block is used for buffering and how much for cache.
To get some general statistics about memory usage, type:
vmstat -s -S M
495 M total memory
398 M used memory
252 M active memory
119 M inactive memory
96 M free memory
120 M buffer memory
242 M swap cache
0 M total swap
0 M used swap
0 M free swap
. . .
To get information about individual system processes’ cache usage, type:
vmstat -m -S M
Cache Num Total Size Pages
ext4_groupinfo_4k 195 195 104 39
UDPLITEv6 0 0 768 10
UDPv6 10 10 768 10
tw_sock_TCPv6 0 0 256 16
TCPv6 11 11 1408 11
kcopyd_job 0 0 2344 13
dm_uevent 0 0 2464 13
bsg_cmd 0 0 288 14
. . .
This will give you details about what kind of information is stored in the cache.
Conclusion
Using these tools, you should begin to be able to monitor your server from the command line. There are many other utilities that perform simple monitoring operations, but these are a good starting point.
VN:F [1.9.22_1171]
Rating: 3.0/10 (1 vote cast)
VN:F [1.9.22_1171]
Ubuntu sistem monitor. How Do You Monitor Your System's Health?, 3.0 out of 10 based on 1 rating
Haz 21 2016
Ubuntu sistem monitor. How Do You Monitor Your System’s Health?
Ubuntu ile command line shell den cpu dik ve sistem performanslarını kontrol etmek ?
How Do You Monitor Your System’s Health?
Every computer system benefits from proper administration and monitoring. Keeping an eye on how your system is running will help you discover issues and resolve them quickly.
There are plenty of command line utilities created for this purpose. This guide will introduce you to some of the most helpful applications to have in your toolbox.
Table of Contents
How Do I Monitor Process Utilization?
top
One of the most common tools for checking the resource utilization of processes is “top“.
Top provides a simple, real-time table of your processes, with the largest consumers on top:
top - 14:45:52 up 29 min, 1 user, load average: 0.10, 0.09, 0.06 Tasks: 56 total, 1 running, 55 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 1019600k total, 393756k used, 625844k free, 11136k buffers Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 316748k cached PID %MEM VIRT SWAP RES CODE DATA SHR nFLT nDRT S PR NI %CPU COMMAND 832 1.3 32364 18m 12m 896 11m 1688 1 0 S 20 0 0.0 bash 820 0.4 89456 83m 4008 488 948 3040 12 0 S 20 0 0.0 sshd 812 0.3 49948 46m 2828 488 616 2216 0 0 S 20 0 0.0 sshd 1 0.2 24192 21m 2108 152 868 1300 23 0 S 20 0 0.0 init 400 0.1 243m 242m 1420 344 216m 1084 0 0 S 20 0 0.0 rsyslogdThe top portion has some system statistics, including load averages for the past minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. It also shows memory and swap usage, and the count of various process states.
The bottom portion has every process on the system, organized by the top users of resources. This list is updated in real-time.
htop
Although “top” is included in almost every distribution by default, an improved version, called “htop” is available for download from most repositories.
To install htop on Ubuntu, type the following:
Running htop, we can see that it has a similar output, but is colorized, and is more interactive:
CPU[| 0.7%] Tasks: 21, 3 thr; 1 running Mem[||||||||||||| 64/995MB] Load average: 0.00 0.02 0.05 Swp[ 0/0MB] Uptime: 00:37:37 PID USER PRI NI VIRT RES SHR S CPU% MEM% TIME+ Command 2752 root 20 0 25660 1876 1364 R 0.0 0.2 0:00.06 htop 1 root 20 0 24192 2108 1300 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.55 /sbin/init 312 root 20 0 17224 640 444 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.04 upstart-udev-brid 314 root 20 0 21592 1360 760 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.04 /sbin/udevd --dae 394 messagebu 20 0 23808 688 436 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.01 dbus-daemon --sys 401 syslog 20 0 243M 1420 1084 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.07 rsyslogd -c5 402 syslog 20 0 243M 1420 1084 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 rsyslogd -c5The top portion is much easier to read and the bottom portion is organized in a more clear fashion.
Here are some keys that will help you use htop more effectively:
There are plenty of more options you that you can access through help or setup. These should be your first stops in exploring htop’s functionality.
How Do I Find Out Which Program Is Using My Bandwidth?
nethogs
If your network connection seems saturated and you are unsure which application is the culprit, a program called “nethogs” is a good choice for finding out.
On Ubuntu, you can install nethogs with the following command:
We can run it by simply typing:
As you can see, above all, nethogs output is simple. It associates each application with its associated network traffic.
There are only a few commands that you can use to control net hogs:
Although this is a simple tool, nethogs is a great way to associate traffic with a specific applications.
IPTraf
IPTraf is another great way to monitor network traffic. It provides a number of different interactive monitoring interfaces.
On Ubuntu, you can install IPTraf with the following command:
To run the program, simply call it from the command line with root privileges:
??????????????????????????????????? ? IP traffic monitor ? ? General interface statistics ? ? Detailed interface statistics ? ? Statistical breakdowns... ? ? LAN station monitor ? ??????????????????????????????????? ? Filters... ? ??????????????????????????????????? ? Configure... ? ??????????????????????????????????? ? Exit ? ???????????????????????????????????With this menu, you can select which interface you would like to access.
For example, to get an overview of all network traffic, we can select the first menu and then “All interfaces”. It will give you a screen that looks like this:
Here, you can see what IP addresses you are communicating on all of your network interfaces.
If you would like to have those IP addresses resolved into domains, you can enable reverse DNS lookup by exiting the traffic screen, selecting “Configure” and then selecting “Reverse DNS lookups“.
You can also enable “TCP/UDP service names” to display using the names of the services instead of the port.
With both of these options enabled, the display may look like this:
There are several other interfaces to investigate on your own.
netstat
The “netstat” command is a versatile tool for gathering network information. It is extremely flexible and powerful.
By default, netstat prints a list of open sockets:
If we add an “-a” option, it will list all ports, listening and non-listening:
If you’d like to filter to see only TCP or UDP connections, use the “-t” or “-u” flags respectively:
See statistics by passing the “-s” flag:
Ip: 13500 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 13500 incoming packets delivered 3078 requests sent out 16 dropped because of missing route Icmp: 41 ICMP messages received 0 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: echo requests: 1 echo replies: 40 . . .If you would like to continuously update the output, you can use the “-c” flag.
There are many other options that can change the output. Explore the man pages for more ideas.
How Do I Find Out How Much Disk Space I Have Left?
df
For a quick overview of how much disk space you have left on your drives, you can use the “df” program.
Without any options, its output looks like this:
This outputs disk usage in bytes, which may be a bit hard to read.
To fix this problem, we can specify to output in a human-readable format:
If we want to see the total disk space available on all filesystems, we can pass the “–total” option. This will add a row at the bottom with summary information:
du
While df is an easy way of geting an overview, “du” gives a better picture of what is taking up space on your system.
The command will analyze usage for the current directory and any subdirectories. The default output of du looks like this:
Once again, we can specify human-readable output by passing it “-h”:
To see file sizes as well as directories, type the following:
For a total at the bottom, you can add the “-c” option:
If you are only interested in the total and not the specifics, you can issue:
Improvements
These two tools have improved versions that can be installed on Ubuntu.
An improved version of df is “pydf“. It can be installed with this command:
The pydf command organizes everything in neat charts with colorized output. It shows disk usage graphically with usage bars:
An improvement on du is “ncdu“. This command can be installed by typing:
This command uses an interactive ncurses display to graphically represent your disk usage:
--- /root ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8.0KiB [##########] /.ssh 4.0KiB [##### ] /.cache 4.0KiB [##### ] .bashrc 4.0KiB [##### ] .profile 4.0KiB [##### ] .bash_historyYou can step through the filesystem by using the up and down arrows and pressing “enter” on any directory entry.
How Do I Find Out How Much of my Memory Is In Use?
free
The easiest way of finding out the current memory usage on your system is using the “free” command.
When used without options, the output looks like this:
To display in a more readable format, we can pass the “-m” option to display the output in megabytes:
The middle line, marked “-/+ buffers/cache”, will show the actual memory used by applications.
The “Mem” line includes the memory used for buffering and caching, which is freed up as soon as needed for other purposes.
vmstat
The “vmstat” command can output various information about your system, including memory, swap, disk io, and cpu information.
We will use the command to get another view into memory usage:
We can see this in megabytes by choosing our unit with the “-S” flag:
As you can see, this tool helps us break down the “-/+ buffers/cache” category of the “free” command.
We get to see how much of that block is used for buffering and how much for cache.
To get some general statistics about memory usage, type:
495 M total memory 398 M used memory 252 M active memory 119 M inactive memory 96 M free memory 120 M buffer memory 242 M swap cache 0 M total swap 0 M used swap 0 M free swap . . .To get information about individual system processes’ cache usage, type:
This will give you details about what kind of information is stored in the cache.
Conclusion
Using these tools, you should begin to be able to monitor your server from the command line. There are many other utilities that perform simple monitoring operations, but these are a good starting point.
By Burhan KARADERE • 2015 - 2016 • 0 • Tags: Health?, monitor, sistem monitor. How Do You Monitor, System's, Ubuntu, Your